{"id":900,"date":"2026-03-23T14:16:48","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T14:16:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/comparing-class-based-and-prototype-oriented-design\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T14:16:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T14:16:48","slug":"comparing-class-based-and-prototype-oriented-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/comparing-class-based-and-prototype-oriented-design\/","title":{"rendered":"So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd t\u0129nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kia nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83d\udd28 C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu t\u0129nh, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb n\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3u, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udccb C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd<\/h3>\n
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  • \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u0129nh:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c (h\u00e0nh vi).<\/li>\n
  • Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/li>\n
  • Bao \u0111\u00f3ng:<\/strong> Che gi\u1ea5u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \ud83c\udf33 C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/h3>\n

    K\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh d\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con k\u1ebf th\u1eeba thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb l\u1edbp cha, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ghi \u0111\u00e8 ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2y, n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng theo chu\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u0110\u01a1n hay \u0110a:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cha, trong khi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111a c\u1ea5p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110a h\u00ecnh:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha, cho ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi h\u00e0m linh ho\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3:<\/strong> Logic chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong l\u1edbp cha, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u2696\ufe0f An to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u v\u00e0 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ec3u t\u0129nh. B\u1ed9 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c thi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i s\u1edbm trong chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • L\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch:<\/strong> C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp gi\u1eefa ki\u1ec3u mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/li>\n
      • Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong> G\u00e1n t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c thi nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
      • T\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc:<\/strong> Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \ud83e\uddec C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/h2>\n

        Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Thay v\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sao ch\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcdd Chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • Sao ch\u00e9p:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n
        • \u1ee6y quy\u1ec1n:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m tra nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Chu\u1ed7i n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ed7i k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n cho n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udd04 H\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h3>\n

          T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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          • Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
          • Mixins:<\/strong>H\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh ki\u1ec3u duy nh\u1ea5t; ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83e\udde9 Logic h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

            Logic th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
            • Tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
            • Gi\u1ea3m m\u00e3 m\u1eabu:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u00edt m\u00e3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \ud83d\udcca Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch so s\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n

              B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa hai chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp<\/th>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              T\u1ea1o l\u1eadp<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu<\/td>\nSao ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0110\u1ecbnh danh<\/strong><\/td>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u l\u1edbp<\/td>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ee9 b\u1eadc d\u1ecdc (C\u00e2y)<\/td>\nChu\u1ed7i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n (Danh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0129nh<\/td>\nTh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/td>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbp<\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cao, c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc<\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ea5p, linh ho\u1ea1t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td>\nG\u00e1n t\u0129nh nhanh h\u01a1n<\/td>\nChi ph\u00ed tra c\u1ee9u ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho OOAD<\/h2>\n

              Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung; l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

              \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p:<\/strong> Khi c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong> Khi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng theo logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u.<\/li>\n
              • C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m:<\/strong> Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1edbn c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c song song.<\/li>\n
              • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong> Khi t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n
              • T\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169:<\/strong> Khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ki\u1ec3u t\u0129nh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \ud83d\ude80 Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nhanh:<\/strong> Khi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
                • M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                • Quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh:<\/strong> N\u01a1i chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch mang l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                • Chia s\u1ebb h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> Khi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chia s\u1ebb h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n
                • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> Khi vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \ud83c\udf10 H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, bao g\u1ed3m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\udcbe Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb<\/h3>\n

                  Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t cho t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb tham chi\u1ebfu h\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp:<\/strong>B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                  • D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu:<\/strong>B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
                  • Thu gom r\u00e1c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o thu gom r\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \ud83d\udd0d T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 tra c\u1ee9u<\/h3>\n

                    C\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp:<\/strong> Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n
                    • D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu:<\/strong> Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed tra c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \ud83d\udcc9 B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n

                      Duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 trong l\u1edbp cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd giao di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                      Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu s\u1ebd lan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu chung.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • R\u1ee7i ro r\u00f2 r\u1ec9:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/li>\n
                      • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi theo d\u00f5i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \ud83d\udd04 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lai gh\u00e9p<\/h2>\n

                        C\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00fa ph\u00e1p l\u1edbp m\u00e0 khi bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh vi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu, ho\u1eb7c cho ph\u00e9p thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83e\udde9 C\u00e1c l\u1edbp si\u00eau l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n

                        C\u00e1c l\u1edbp si\u00eau l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp trong khi v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc t\u0129nh.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh si\u00eau c\u1ea5p:<\/strong>Cho ph\u00e9p m\u00e3 thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/li>\n
                        • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f Ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                          M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n
                          • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \ud83d\udcdd C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc khi tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h2>\n

                            Khi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                            \ud83e\uddf1 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n

                            C\u00e1ch tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng khai b\u00e1o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu l\u01b0u tr\u1eef thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u1eb7p kh\u00f3a-gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang t\u01b0. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i (closure) ho\u1eb7c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
                            • C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c getter v\u00e0 setter ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \ud83d\udd04 C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e0i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/h3>\n

                              Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • H\u00e0m t\u1ea1o:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh sau khi sao ch\u00e9p.<\/li>\n
                              • K\u1ebft th\u00fac:<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \ud83e\uddea Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh<\/h2>\n

                                C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                                \ud83e\uddea Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp trong c\u00f4 l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
                                • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha.<\/li>\n
                                • Gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp:<\/strong>D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  \ud83e\uddea Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tin nh\u1eafn thay v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                                  • X\u00e1c minh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau khi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
                                  • Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u0129nh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \ud83d\udea7 Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

                                    Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ee3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                                    \ud83d\udea7 Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n
                                      \n
                                    • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n
                                    • L\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/strong>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.<\/li>\n
                                    • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      \ud83d\udea7 Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n
                                        \n
                                      • Xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian t\u00ean:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00ean thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/li>\n
                                      • Chia s\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chia s\u1ebb s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
                                      • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \ud83d\udd2e H\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n

                                        Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u1edbp nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                                        C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ra m\u1ed9t b\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

                                        \ud83d\udccc T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/h2>\n
                                          \n
                                        • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd t\u0129nh v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n
                                        • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n
                                        • T\u00ednh an to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
                                        • T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu.<\/li>\n
                                        • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
                                        • C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh lai t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                                        • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho t\u1eebng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1eeba linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                          Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":901,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"So s\u00e1nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[40,43],"class_list":["post-900","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"So s\u00e1nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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