{"id":847,"date":"2026-03-24T21:06:21","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T21:06:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/level-0-vs-level-1-data-flow-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-03-24T21:06:21","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T21:06:21","slug":"level-0-vs-level-1-data-flow-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/level-0-vs-level-1-data-flow-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn DFD: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p 0 so v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p 1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Charcoal<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 DFD c\u1ea5p 0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p 1. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t logic h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p 1. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea5p cao sang ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\ud83e\udded S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p 0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p 0, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/strong>, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t, nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc DFD. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • N\u00fat qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  • Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con hay c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ai?\u201d<\/em> Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p 0<\/h3>\n

    H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n l\u1edbn \u1edf gi\u1eefa trang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d. Xung quanh h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cKho h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cC\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n\u201d. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 \u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cX\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n\u201d. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    \u2699\ufe0f S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p 1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p 1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3:<\/strong> Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p 0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
    • Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9:<\/strong> C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eadp tin ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh:<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 0 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ea5p 1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d<\/em> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

      C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p 1<\/h3>\n

      D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng,\u201d h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng,\u201d v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 \u201cT\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n.\u201d C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u201cC\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cNh\u1eadt k\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.\u201d C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

      \ud83c\udd9a So s\u00e1nh: C\u1ea5p 0 so v\u1edbi C\u1ea5p 1<\/h2>\n

      \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh hai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nC\u1ea5p 0 (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh)<\/th>\nC\u1ea5p 1 (Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/strong><\/td>\nG\u00f3c nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (H\u1ed9p \u0111en)<\/td>\nC\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh (H\u1ed9p x\u00e1m)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/td>\nCh\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 1<\/td>\n5 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 quy tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb g\u00ec<\/td>\nR\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/td>\nNh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh logic v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng b\u00ean trong<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \ud83d\udd04 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb M\u1ee9c 0 sang M\u1ee9c 1 l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/strong>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh M\u1ee9c 0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con M\u1ee9c 1 khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra hay ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

      V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu M\u1ee9c 0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec M\u1ee9c 1 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con. N\u1ebfu M\u1ee9c 0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u201cBi\u00ean lai\u201d r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec M\u1ee9c 1 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u201cBi\u00ean lai\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udee0 C\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c Ti\u1ec5n T\u1ed1t Nh\u1ea5t trong Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf<\/h2>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

      1. Quy T\u1eafc \u0110\u1eb7t T\u00ean<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh Thu\u1ebf\u201d thay v\u00ec \u201cThu\u1ebf\u201d). C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5m danh t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cChi ti\u1ebft H\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d thay v\u00ec \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d). C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

      2. Tr\u00e1nh C\u00e1c Giao Nhau<\/h3>\n

      B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00ean t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u giao nhau. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao nhau t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c giao nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

      3. T\u00ednh Nh\u1ea5t Qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Kho D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

      \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cCustomer DB\u201d \u1edf M\u1ee9c 1 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u201cUser Table\u201d \u1edf M\u1ee9c 2. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u00fap d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

      4. H\u1ea1n Ch\u1ebf C\u00e1c Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Con<\/h3>\n

      M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 M\u1ee9c 1 c\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u logic, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft th\u00e0nh M\u1ee9c 2 ri\u00eang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i chung M\u1ee9c 1 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udcc8 Khi N\u00e0o N\u00ean S\u1eed D\u1ee5ng M\u1ed7i M\u1ee9c<\/h2>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem.<\/p>\n

      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng M\u1ee9c 0 \u0110\u1ec3:<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng D\u1ef1 \u00c1n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb s\u1edbm.<\/li>\n
      • T\u00f3m t\u1eaft cho L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u1ea5p cao:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u01a1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng M\u1ee9c 1 \u0110\u1ec3:<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n
        • L\u00ean K\u1ebf Ho\u1ea1ch T\u00edch H\u1ee3p:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/li>\n
        • Chi\u1ebfn L\u01b0\u1ee3c Ki\u1ec3m Th\u1eed:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udd0d Nh\u1eefng Th\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u1eddng G\u1eb7p v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f4i khi qu\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1, cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ma qu\u00e1i<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ma qu\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o nowhere ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nowhere. M\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n (Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, Entiti, ho\u1eb7c Kho) v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn. Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n

          C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf trong c\u1ea5p 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chia h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng logic v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udd17 Chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n<\/h2>\n

          Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 cha cho c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 2. M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec7 quy n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n hay l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udcdd T\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n

          S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p 0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p 1 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho nhau trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u1ea5p 0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u1ea5p 1 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. C\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn theo l\u1edbp, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u0169 hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1edbi, vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o giao ti\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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