{"id":797,"date":"2026-03-25T15:39:13","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T15:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/why-beginners-struggle-with-abstraction-ooad\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T15:39:13","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T15:39:13","slug":"why-beginners-struggle-with-abstraction-ooad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/why-beginners-struggle-with-abstraction-ooad\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a (v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u00f3)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n dai d\u1eb3ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 che gi\u1ea5u chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai, ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady?<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sang t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ngl\u00e0<\/em>, thay v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 n\u00f3l\u00e0m<\/em>. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i xa h\u01a1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

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\"Sketch-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c: T\u01b0 duy c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9tXe h\u01a1i<\/strong>l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh xe, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung. Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129aPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng<\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh xe, c\u00e1nh hay b\u00e1nh x\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

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    T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd h\u1ecfi: ‘\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh g\u00ec?’ thay v\u00ec ‘\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o?’<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    S\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi h\u00e0m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp; b\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n cho tri\u1ec3n khai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ec3n khai ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c:<\/strong>C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u00edt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y n\u00f3. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

    B\u1eaby c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Khi m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ‘ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n in b\u00e1o c\u00e1o’, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9tL\u1edbpInB\u00e1oC\u00e1o<\/strong>l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

    Sau n\u00e0y, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n g\u1eedi email. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o raL\u1edbpG\u1eediEmail<\/strong>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n in ra PDF. L\u1edbpXu\u1ea5tPDF<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, codebase tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a. Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n chung. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t OutputHandler<\/strong> giao di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai n\u00f3. Logic c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    T\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra<\/h3>\n
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      Th\u00edch s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> D\u1ec5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 cho m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 thay v\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ecdi m\u00e1y in.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      Thi\u1ebfu t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn:<\/strong> R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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      T\u1ef1 m\u00e3n:<\/strong> C\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. N\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea1n th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t so v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

      H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n

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        Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a cao:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng lan truy\u1ec1n sang c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a t\u1ed1i \u0111a, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n

        C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

        1. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba so v\u1edbi K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

        Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u: \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/strong> -> Th\u00fa \u0103n s\u1eefa<\/strong> -> Ch\u00f3<\/strong> -> Poodle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

        \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa<\/strong>, n\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con ch\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t con ch\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec sao? T\u00ednh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi. Thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Ch\u00f3<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0103n<\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi cho \u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbp ch\u00f3.<\/p>\n

        2. Giao di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h3>\n

        Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

        var m\u00e1y in = new M\u00e1yInLaser();<\/code><\/p>\n

        N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n thay th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t M\u00e1y in m\u1ea1ng<\/code>, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i m\u00e0 M\u00e1yInLaser<\/code>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu. Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a g\u1ee3i \u00fd:<\/p>\n

        var m\u00e1y in = new M\u00e1yIn();<\/code><\/p>\n

        \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, M\u00e1y in<\/code>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n. Tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t logic kh\u1ecfi chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

        C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: M\u1ed9t so s\u00e1nh \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, h\u00e3y xem b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh sau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1ch tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sang c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi chung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n

        Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

        		\n

        C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

        		\n

        C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        H\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Th\u1ea5p (ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Cao (k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Cao (Tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Trung b\u00ecnh (C\u1ea7n b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Cao (Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan truy\u1ec1n)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Th\u1ea5p (Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n (Kh\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n (Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00edch h\u1ee3p)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \ud83d\udee4\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i sang s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o? B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

        1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n

        H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thanh to\u00e1n, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Giao d\u1ecbch<\/strong> l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng nhu c\u1ea7u ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

        2. Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t giao di\u1ec7n s\u1edbm<\/h3>\n

        \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a giao di\u1ec7n. H\u00e3y ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o giao di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u ra:<\/strong>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          3. \u01afu ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

          H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0<\/em>g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, hay n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3<\/em>m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng?\u201d N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

          4. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u00edt g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n

          Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Close()<\/code>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tinh vi.<\/p>\n

          Khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec d\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \ud83d\uded1<\/h2>\n

          S\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft logic, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n \u0111ang tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • \n

            Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 ba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u00e3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a giao di\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            G\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u1edbi:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1ed3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc ba t\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1ch logic k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n giao di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eebng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 giao di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

            B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

            Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh. B\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

            \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/strong>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
              \n
            1. \n

              X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong> T\u00ecm m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            2. \n

              X\u00e1c minh h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed bao ph\u1ee7 h\u00e0nh vi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            3. \n

              Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u00e0nh vi chung.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            4. \n

              Thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n:<\/strong> Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            5. \n

              Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u1ea1i:<\/strong> Ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u00f4i khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 phi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n

                \u1ed4 c\u1eafm \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/strong>\u1ed4 c\u1eafm \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m b\u1ea1n c\u1eafm \u0111\u00e8n, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p hay c\u00e1ch d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u1eafm v\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00f3n \u0103n, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp th\u00e1i rau c\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o hay nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau. Nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai; th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                C\u1ed5ng USB:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eafm chu\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0n ph\u00edm v\u00e0o c\u1ed5ng USB. M\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean giao th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u0111a h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y qua \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Khi b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n

                  \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Ai ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                  T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                  Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, suy ng\u1eabm v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n

                    B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>\u01afu ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh vi thay v\u00ec c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng s\u1ee3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    Bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i:<\/strong>Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00eam.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 v\u1edbi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":798,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong OOAD \ud83e\udde9","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng linh ho\u1ea1t, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[40,43],"class_list":["post-797","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nT\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong OOAD \ud83e\udde9<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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