![\"Hand-drawn](\"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/oop-project-failure-fixes-infographic-hand-drawn.jpg\"\/)
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\u1ea2o \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 Ki\u1ec3m So\u00e1t \ud83c\udfa2<\/h2>\n
Khi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ebfm khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u01b0u ti\u00ean giao h\u00e0ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t mong manh.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n
- \n
- T\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cao:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng logic qua n\u0103m t\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
- L\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t module ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- Kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u00f3 vi\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n
- Bloat t\u00ednh n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y s\u1edbm l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua can thi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau.<\/p>\n
Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng 1: H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa \ud83d\udc18<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra ‘\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa’. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3 gi\u1eef tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t thao t\u00e1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung logic. Nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1eddi gian, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra?<\/p>\n
- \n
- Ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i:<\/strong>D\u1ec5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u khi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, cho ph\u00e9p \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa thao t\u00fang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- Vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong>L\u1edbp n\u00e0y x\u1eed l\u00fd logic kinh doanh, truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t L\u1edbp<\/strong>t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp m\u1edbi n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o email.<\/p>\n
Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng 2: C\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u \ud83c\udf32<\/h2>\n
K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch xa \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 mong manh v\u00ec m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf l\u1edbp cha s\u1ebd lan truy\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf Liskov:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con h\u00e0nh x\u1eed theo c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/li>\n
- L\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y v\u1ee1:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n
- M\u00f4 m\u1eabu nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec5 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00ec l\u1edbp con \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t
Xe h\u01a1i<\/code> m\u00e0l\u00e0-m\u1ed9t<\/code>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/code> m\u00e0l\u00e0-m\u1ed9t<\/code>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n<\/code>, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9tXe h\u01a1i<\/code> m\u00e0c\u00f3-m\u1ed9t<\/code>\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/code> v\u00e0c\u00f3-m\u1ed9t<\/code>H\u1ed9p s\u1ed1<\/code>. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00f3-m\u1ed9t<\/strong>m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp xe h\u01a1i.<\/p>\nTri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng 3: Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n
Li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nhau. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp A c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp B \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u1edbp A m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp B, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
- Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n Class A sang d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o theo Class B.<\/li>\n
- C\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u00ec nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t module s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng module kia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, h\u00e3y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0ogiao di\u1ec7n<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea3ng: C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i OOP ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c<\/h2>\n
\n
\n M\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/th>\n \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/strong><\/th>\n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n \n Th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/td>\n M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/td>\n Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sang l\u1edbp s\u1edf h\u1eefu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i<\/td>\n M\u1ed9t h\u00e0m qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/td>\n Chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Nh\u00f3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n Nh\u00f3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n \u0111i c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/td>\n Gom ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba song song<\/td>\n Hai c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n T\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i di s\u1ea3n<\/td>\n M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb l\u1edbp cha c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/td>\n T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp cha ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u1ea1i \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean. Khi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 do n\u0103m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m. Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (SRP)<\/h3>\n
M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 I\/O t\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec7p s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t “
FileReader<\/code> l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9tValidator<\/code> l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n2. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng (OCP)<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh. Thay v\u00ec th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh
if-else<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai giao di\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n3. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Thay th\u1ebf Liskov (LSP)<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha.<\/p>\n
4. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t Giao di\u1ec7n (ISP)<\/h3>\n
Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u giao di\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba, h\u00e3y t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
5. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c (DIP)<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng giao di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ch\u00e8n tri\u1ec3n khai khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Refactoring \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang. Refactoring kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
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- Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1edbi an to\u00e0n:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, h\u00e3y vi\u1ebft ch\u00fang cho h\u00e0nh vi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong> T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u00e2u xa.<\/li>\n
- Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> Chia nh\u1ecf logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0m nh\u1ecf, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
- Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham s\u1ed1:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tham s\u1ed1, h\u00e3y nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
- Thay th\u1ebf logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u
if-else<\/code> c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ec3u, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111a h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nRefactoring n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t. \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o module g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. \u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sang khu v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 gi\u00fap d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n
Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n
N\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a xung quanh m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n
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- Th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edbi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t (pull requests) \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n (God Objects) ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u.<\/li>\n
- L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n (domain model).<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng mi\u1ec1n (Domain-Driven Design):<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n kinh doanh. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (ubiquitous language) trong t\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng.<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb xem nh\u1eb9, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Thay v\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u00fang trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n sao cho t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n
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- M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1edbp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>\u1ede \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
- K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng t\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
- S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda lu\u1ed3ng tin nh\u1eafn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
- T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>Ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p (cyclomatic complexity) qu\u00e1 cao.<\/p>\n
Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y theo th\u1eddi gian:<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong>\u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh qua m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
- Ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhau. H\u00e3y t\u00ecm c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c.<\/li>\n
- T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h2>\n
Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nhanh ch\u00f3ng. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mong manh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n
H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Khi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay h\u00f4m nay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u nay l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m doanh nghi\u1ec7p. L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a th\u1eadt quy\u1ebfn r\u0169: \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":694,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1ea1i sao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n OOP c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c n\u00f3 \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[40,43],"class_list":["post-693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\n
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Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u. 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- K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng t\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
- L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n (domain model).<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong> T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u00e2u xa.<\/li>\n
- Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n Class A sang d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o theo Class B.<\/li>\n
- L\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y v\u1ee1:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n
- Thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, cho ph\u00e9p \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa thao t\u00fang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
- L\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t module ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n