{"id":687,"date":"2026-03-28T08:05:53","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T08:05:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/when-object-oriented-design-isnt-right\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T08:05:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T08:05:53","slug":"when-object-oriented-design-isnt-right","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/when-object-oriented-design-isnt-right\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 Nh\u1eefng L\u1ea7m T\u01b0\u1edfng: Khi Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kh\u00f4ng Ph\u1ea3i L\u00e0 L\u1ef1a Ch\u1ecdn Ph\u00f9 H\u1ee3p"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOD) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. N\u00f3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, t\u00ednh module v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, coi m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. \ud83e\uddd0<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a OOD. Ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, thay v\u00ec \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. \ud83d\udca1<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

S\u1ee9c H\u00fat C\u1ee7a Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

D\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao OOD l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i\u2014bao \u0111\u00f3ng, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh\u2014cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p:<\/p>\n

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  • T\u00ednh module:<\/strong>T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>Gi\u1ea5u chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 OOD th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1ea9n, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i. \ud83d\udd78\ufe0f<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng D\u1ea5u Hi\u1ec7u Cho Th\u1ea5y Ki\u1ebfn Tr\u00fac C\u1ee7a B\u1ea1n \u0110ang Ch\u1ed1ng L\u1ea1i B\u1ea1n \ud83d\udea9<\/h2>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f4i khi, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00ednh khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, m\u00e0 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng sai. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng sau, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00e1c C\u1ea5p K\u1ebf Th\u1eeba S\u00e2u<\/h3>\n

    K\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eb1m chia s\u1ebb h\u00e0nh vi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

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    • C\u00e1c L\u1edbp C\u01a1 S\u1edf D\u1ec5 G\u00e3y:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c trong l\u1edbp cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1edbp con.<\/li>\n
    • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 L\u1edbp C\u01a1 S\u1edf D\u1ec5 G\u00e3y:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong si\u00eau l\u1edbp bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con, ngay c\u1ea3 khi logic l\u1edbp con v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean.<\/li>\n
    • S\u1ef1 B\u00f9ng N\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee9c T\u1ea1p:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 duy\u1ec7t c\u00e2y l\u1edbp thay v\u00ec vi\u1ebft logic, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

      2. M\u1eabu T\u1ed9i Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa<\/h3>\n

      Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c module duy nh\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ‘\u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa’. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. \ud83d\udd25<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

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      • C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tham s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 void.<\/li>\n
      • Truy c\u1eadp g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
      • Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb do c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
      • K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ec7p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u00f2ng m\u00e3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Ch\u1ecbu Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

        3. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Khi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1ea9n. N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B \u0111\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd b\u1ecb li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \ud83d\udc1e<\/p>\n

        Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf cho qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c. Thay v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, n\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

        H\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n

        Trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh. H\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

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        • D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong>V\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay lu\u00f4n tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
        • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u00e0m nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chung.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

          B\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phong c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khi:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 logic kinh doanh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i.<\/li>\n
          • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
          • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
          • B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u0129nh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a theo quy tr\u00ecnh cho quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u2699\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 nh\u1ecf, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f2ng l\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh theo quy tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i tho\u00e1t s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

            Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u m\u00e3 m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n

            M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o, h\u00e0m h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a giao di\u1ec7n. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf, m\u00e3 m\u1eabu n\u00e0y ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. M\u00e3 theo quy tr\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m, truy\u1ec1n tham s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi logic ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

            H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 m\u00e3 theo quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea1y th\u01b0a th\u1edbt.<\/li>\n
            • B\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n
            • Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec7n \u00edch:<\/strong> C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c thao t\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf<\/h3>\n

              Trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c khi hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u00e3 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

              K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thao t\u00e1c n\u00f3. Xem d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

              Sourcing s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 CQRS<\/h3>\n

              Sourcing s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

              Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h3>\n

              Khi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng API), bu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (nh\u01b0 JSON ho\u1eb7c XML) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u l\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

              Chi ph\u00ed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83c\udfce\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u1ea3o, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e0m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao, nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

              Chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb<\/h3>\n

              M\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u00f4ng tin ki\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ebfm tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, b\u1ed9 thu gom r\u00e1c s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3o<\/h3>\n

              T\u00ednh \u0111a h\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i tra c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y. Trong c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p kh\u1eaft khe, thao t\u00e1c tra c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm th\u1ef1c thi. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u0129nh ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e0m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n

              Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00f9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m duy tr\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u00fang sai c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/h3>\n

              C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m OOD nh\u01b0 ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u1ed7i. C\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

              T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi<\/h3>\n

              C\u00e1c c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp nh\u00f3m c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eb7p nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

              So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh dung r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trao \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y xem b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y n\u00eau r\u00f5 n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i phong c\u00e1ch t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Phong c\u00e1ch<\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/th>\nH\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/td>\nLogic kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              H\u00e0m<\/strong><\/td>\nX\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, logic n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, ti\u1ec7n \u00edch nh\u1ecf<\/td>\nV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              D\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, quy tr\u00ecnh ETL, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/td>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \ud83e\udded<\/h2>\n

              L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem OOD c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng? B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3?<\/li>\n
              • Th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 bao l\u00e2u?<\/strong>C\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
              • Chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>Li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 th\u1ea5p hay b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng cao kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o?<\/strong>Li\u1ec7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i OOD, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \ud83c\udf10<\/h2>\n

                Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. M\u1ed7i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu thay v\u00ec m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hy sinh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Khi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean d\u1eebng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/p>\n

                H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y b\u1ecf ch\u00fang xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOD) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. N\u00f3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, t\u00ednh module v\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":688,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: B\u00f3c t\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83d\uded1","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[40,43],"class_list":["post-687","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nKhi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: B\u00f3c t\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83d\uded1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. 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