{"id":565,"date":"2026-03-21T12:37:44","date_gmt":"2026-03-21T12:37:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/what-is-a-data-flow-diagram-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-21T12:37:44","modified_gmt":"2026-03-21T12:37:44","slug":"what-is-a-data-flow-diagram-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/what-is-a-data-flow-diagram-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nhanh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Infographic<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 DFD, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, DFD nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sa \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i giao ti\u1ebfp cho ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c hay th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?’ S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic kh\u1ecfi tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t DFD chia nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

DFD \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed7i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 Gane v\u00e0 Sarson ho\u1eb7c Yourdon v\u00e0 Coad), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \ud83d\udeaa<\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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  • \n

    Ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u0110i\u1ec3m thu:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o c\u00e1o thu\u1ebf).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ranh gi\u1edbi, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

    2. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u2699\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ‘c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c’ \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: ‘T\u00ednh l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t’ ho\u1eb7c ‘C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng’. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c ra, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

    3. C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eadp tin ho\u1eb7c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song.<\/p>\n

    Khi v\u1ebd DFD, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng ra theo th\u1eddi gian, tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u tr\u1eef cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n

    4. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb ‘Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’ \u0111\u1ebfn ‘Quy tr\u00ecnh’ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 ‘Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng’, trong khi m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb ‘Quy tr\u00ecnh’ \u0111\u1ebfn ‘Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u’ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ‘S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng’.<\/p>\n

    Quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t ra ‘Chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’, th\u00ec quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh’ \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0: Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \ud83c\udf0d<\/h3>\n

    Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: ‘H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 ai t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3?’ Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ee9c 1: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \ud83d\udd0d<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ee9c 1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1eeb \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ee9c 2: Logic chi ti\u1ebft \ud83e\udde0<\/h3>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1. M\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u logic chi ti\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2; ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111i qua kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c logic nh\u00e1nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng. M\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    Quy t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u2705<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 sai s\u00f3t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t \u201cB\u00e1o c\u00e1o\u201d, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u00f3. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u201cx\u1ea3y ra\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. M\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t so v\u1edbi D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 logic \u201cn\u1ebfu\/ho\u1eb7c\u201d hay t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi logic ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ecdi m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n. M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-danh t\u1eeb. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83c\udd9a<\/h2>\n

    R\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

    		\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

    		\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng logic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, quy tr\u00ecnh, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u\/K\u1ebft th\u00fac, Quy tr\u00ecnh, Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0110\u1ea7u ra<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho nhau.<\/p>\n

    T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: B\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong>V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ch\u00ednh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n

      Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Chia nh\u1ecf quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    4. \n

      K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>V\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. \u0110\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    5. \n

      X\u00e1c minh b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra xem \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u00f3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    6. \n

      Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n:<\/strong>\u0110i qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u logic so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd \ud83e\udde0\ud83d\udda5\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u logic:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 b\u1ecf qua ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1eb7c vai tr\u00f2 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc logic, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u logic n\u00f3i \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, th\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u201cL\u1eddi g\u1ecdi API t\u1eeb M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 Web \u0111\u1ebfn C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed3n kho\u201d. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

      Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i:<\/strong>C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 chia c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Thi\u1ebfu kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ngo\u00e0i trang n\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua nhi\u1ec1u trang.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef sai:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        T\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \ud83d\udcda<\/h2>\n

        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n g\u1ed3m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD):<\/strong> Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. C\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

        Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML):<\/strong> Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 UML to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c quan \ud83c\udf1f<\/h2>\n

        Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao ti\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. N\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

        B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 DFD, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":566,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nhanh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp. 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