{"id":543,"date":"2026-03-25T01:54:44","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T01:54:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/modeling-information-systems-analysis-dfd\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T01:54:44","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T01:54:44","slug":"modeling-information-systems-analysis-dfd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/modeling-information-systems-analysis-dfd\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn DFD: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u00f4ng tin cho Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Whimsical<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y. Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD). Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra h\u1eefu \u00edch. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c trong chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ef1c quan gi\u00fap n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin.<\/li>\n
  • X\u00e1c minh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00fap x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/li>\n
  • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch:<\/strong>C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi b\u1ea1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean vi\u1ebft logic m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

    1. Quy tr\u00ecnh \u2699\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp\u201d.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ra, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea7u ra s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/p>\n

    2. Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

    Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p tin, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 gi\u1ea5y. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD, kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh, kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 gi\u1eefa quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, trong khi kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u00f3. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c ghi v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n

    3. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \ud83d\udc65<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ph\u1ea1m vi. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i? M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

    4. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n

    Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh, kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean. M\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cChi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cBi\u00ean lai thanh to\u00e1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hay th\u1eddi gian. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i mang theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean giao nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai quy tr\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n r\u00e3, chia nh\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0)<\/h3>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

    Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o ra. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 1<\/h3>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u201cNh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cKi\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed3n kho\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o logic c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ba qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ph\u1ea3i ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha.<\/p>\n

    Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \ud83d\udccf<\/h2>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong ng\u00e0nh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nYourdon & DeMarco<\/th>\nGane & Sarson<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
    Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf (v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eadm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean cong ho\u1eb7c th\u1eb3ng<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1eb3ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00f3 trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn phong c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

    H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n ghi\u201d) v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb cho c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ghi\u201d). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a; m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n

    X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn<\/h3>\n

    T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch t\u1ee5. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed l\u00fd song song.<\/p>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ghi kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o kho m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

    Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p<\/h3>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    X\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ecd, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u1ed7i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i cho th\u1ea5y kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83c\udf31<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi ng\u00e0y mai. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng ngang b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n

    Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. S\u1ed1 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

    Xem x\u00e9t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan<\/h3>\n

    Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 sai, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

    T\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa logic quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \ud83e\uddd1\u200d\ud83d\udcbc<\/h2>\n

    Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kinh doanh v\u00e0 logic k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0y b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu?\u201d \u201cAi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt n\u00e0y?\u201d Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1ea9n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 sai ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng qua ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1eebng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng; h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

    H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. Khi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n then ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

    B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh. Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":544,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh, kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[40,45],"class_list":["post-543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-flow-diagram","tag-academic","tag-data-flow-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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