{"id":535,"date":"2026-03-26T05:39:45","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T05:39:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/evaluate-object-oriented-design-quality\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T05:39:45","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T05:39:45","slug":"evaluate-object-oriented-design-quality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/evaluate-object-oriented-design-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD), tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0m cho m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sang vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ngt\u1ed1t<\/em>. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung t\u1ed5ng quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o hay c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. Khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i, t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng do \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho nh\u00f3m. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan truy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ed7i; m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 logic kinh doanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n

1. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID \u2699\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft SOLID \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u0103m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t. M\u1ed7i ch\u1eef c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, khi tu\u00e2n theo s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (SRP):<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t, l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 thao t\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1eabn logic giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng cho th\u1ea5y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 SRP.<\/li>\n
  • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng (OCP):<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
  • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Thay th\u1ebf Liskov (LSP):<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf cho l\u1edbp cha, th\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/li>\n
  • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t giao di\u1ec7n (ISP):<\/strong>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
  • Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c (DIP):<\/strong>C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    2. T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft \ud83d\udd17<\/h3>\n

    Hai ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau; n\u00f3i chung, khi t\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1ea3m th\u00ec t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t module kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf module kh\u00e1c. T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ee7i ro.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft:<\/strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t module thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhau. T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c module th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, duy nh\u1ea5t. T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cL\u1edbp Ch\u00faa\u201d (God Class).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

      Trong khi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u0129nh th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1<\/th>\n\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00f3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th>\nTr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i mong mu\u1ed1n<\/th>\nH\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qua m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: < 10)<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro l\u1ed7i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (DIT)<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: < 4)<\/td>\nC\u00e2y s\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng con (NOC)<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp con k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp<\/td>\nBi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/td>\nQu\u00e1 \u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cho m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp (RFC)<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nRFC cao cho th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp (WMC)<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u1edbp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 vua. M\u1ed9t WMC cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, trong khi WMC th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

      Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00f9i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \ud83d\udea8<\/h2>\n

      M\u00f9i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u xa trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0ng cho th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy gi\u1ea3m. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y s\u1edbm cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t h\u00e0m qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
      • L\u1edbp l\u1edbn:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SRP.<\/li>\n
      • Thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu g\u1eafn k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
      • Th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh n\u0103ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n
      • Nh\u00f3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nhau. Ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ri\u00eang.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba song song:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c refactoring \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \ud83d\udd27<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Refactoring l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt refactoring ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
        • Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbp:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
        • N\u00e2ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00ean:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb l\u1edbp con l\u00ean l\u1edbp cha. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Thay th\u1ebf Liskov.<\/li>\n
        • Thay th\u1ebf logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111a h\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ngif\/else<\/code>c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
        • Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Gom c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 \u0111en tr\u1eafng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ee5 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trung gian. \u1ede c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh quan tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
          • Th\u1eddi gian so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea5p g\u00e1p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00ean l\u1ecbch th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 thanh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u00eam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            B\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u2705<\/h2>\n

            Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao qu\u00e1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
            • Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0o hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9? Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a?<\/li>\n
            • Giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
            • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong>K\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0nh vi thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai?<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
            • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
            • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
            • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n

              C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00ean t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m quen.<\/li>\n
              • Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y giao ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c song song m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhau.<\/li>\n
              • V\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Theo d\u00f5i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udcc8<\/h2>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy gi\u1ea3m. Vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • T\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u0129nh:<\/strong>T\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1eeb s\u1edbm.<\/li>\n
                • Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n
                • C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>D\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
                • C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

                  \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u01b0 SOLID, theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n k\u00e9m, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng theo th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

                  H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec n\u00f3. \u01afu ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 thay v\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":536,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\udde0","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng OOAD. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc SOLID, \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[40,43],"class_list":["post-535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\udde0<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng OOAD. 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