{"id":1020,"date":"2026-03-26T06:08:13","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T06:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/from-requirements-to-data-flow-models\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T06:08:13","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T06:08:13","slug":"from-requirements-to-data-flow-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visualize-ai.com\/vi\/from-requirements-to-data-flow-models\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn DFD: T\u1eeb Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Charcoal<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. \ud83e\udded<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quy tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00f4 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00e0o, ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00eda tr\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng so v\u1edbi Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h3>\n

DFD ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong> h\u00e0nh vi. Ch\u00fang tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u?\u201d C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng n\u00fat trong DFD. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo.<\/p>\n

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  • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh thu\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c.\u201d).<\/li>\n
  • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cPh\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong v\u00f2ng 2 gi\u00e2y.\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Thu th\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o<\/h3>\n

    Th\u00f4ng tin cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    Khi thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia)<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong DFD, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    2. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i)<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong DFD, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo g\u00f3c. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

    3. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (S\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n)<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cChi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d).<\/p>\n

    4. Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb)<\/h3>\n

    Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong DFD, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song. M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    Quy tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i: T\u1eeb ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c cao v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n

    Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ho\u1eb7c lu\u1ed3ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

    T\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh<\/strong> (c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

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    • Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> T\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
    • D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

      Sau khi ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, h\u00e3y chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1<\/strong>. M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con.<\/p>\n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/h3>\n

      Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0oc\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2<\/strong> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i logic tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u).<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan xem h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9<\/th>\nPh\u1ea1m vi<\/th>\nTr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh<\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\nC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, Ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1<\/td>\nC\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nC\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2<\/td>\nC\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con<\/td>\nC\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\nL\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 3+<\/td>\nC\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/td>\nLu\u1ed3ng logic chi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\nK\u1ef9 s\u01b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan, trong khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n cung c\u1ea5p chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a DFD l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/strong>. Khi b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

      N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 nh\u1eadn \u201c\u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u201c\u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t ra \u201cB\u00e1o c\u00e1o\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u ra n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cha n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n logic xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n

      L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang? X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. X\u00e1c minh lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i t\u1eebng m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch. Li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
      2. Ph\u1ea1m vi bao ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
      3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c kho kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u00e3 ch\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
      4. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t t\u1eebng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c lu\u1ed3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

        S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n

        N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng. Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cX\u00e1c minh t\u1ed3n kho\u201d, hay \u201cGiao h\u00e0ng\u201d? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c n\u00fat ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

        M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi<\/h3>\n

        Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. R\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 khi th\u00eam ch\u00fang ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch ch\u1edd v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang trong l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

        S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/em>. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh logic (n\u1ebfu\/ho\u1eb7c). DFD gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i qua. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i logic ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

        Duy tr\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh theo th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf \u0111i. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

        Khi m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu th\u00eam m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng? C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

        Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u logic c\u0169. \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: DFD_v1.0, DFD_v2.0) gi\u00fap theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u2728<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9:<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n
        • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ra, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u00e3y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 th\u00eam n\u1eefa.<\/li>\n
        • T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau:<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u1ea3 thi, h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 sao cho c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e9o nhau qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>Duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Gane & Sarson ho\u1eb7c Yourdon & DeMarco) trong su\u1ed1t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

          H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n t\u1eeb tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n r\u00e3, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

          M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a API v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 giao di\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Khi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch. H\u00e3y duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c y\u00eau…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1021,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn DFD)","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. 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